Brain glycogen content and metabolism in subjects with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness

Supercompensated brain glycogen may contribute to the development of hypoglycemia unawareness in patients with type 1 diabetes by providing energy for the brain during periods of hypoglycemia. Our goal was to determine if brain glycogen content is elevated in patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness. We used in vivo C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in conjunction with [1-C-13]glucose administration in five patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness and five age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers to measure brain glycogen content and metabolism. Glucose and insulin were administered intravenously over similar to 51 hours at a rate titrated to maintain a blood glucose concentration of 7 mmol/L. C-13-glycogen levels in the occipital lobe were measured at similar to 5, 8, 13, 23, 32, 37, and 50 hours, during label wash-in and wash-out. Newly synthesized glycogen levels were higher in controls than in patients (P < 0.0001) for matched average blood glucose and insulin levels, which may be due to higher brain glycogen content or faster turnover in controls. Metabolic modeling indicated lower brain glycogen content in patients than in controls (P=0.07), implying that glycogen supercompensation does not contribute to the development of hypoglycemia unawareness in humans with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2012) 32, 256-263; doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.138; published online 5 October 2011