Novel and legacy poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust from urban, industrial, and e-waste dismantling areas: The emergence of PFAS alternatives in China

被引:79
作者
Zhang, Bo [1 ,2 ]
He, Yuan [1 ]
Huang, Yingyan [1 ]
Hong, Danhong [3 ]
Yao, Yiming [4 ]
Wang, Lei [4 ]
Sun, Wenwen [5 ]
Yang, Baoqin [5 ]
Huang, Xiongfei [1 ]
Song, Shiming [1 ]
Bai, Xueyuan [1 ]
Guo, Yuankai [6 ]
Zhang, Tao [1 ,6 ]
Sun, Hongwen [4 ]
机构
[1] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, 135 Xingang West St, Guangzhou 510275, Peoples R China
[2] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Environm Pollut Control &, Guangzhou 510275, Peoples R China
[3] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Nanfang Coll, Sch Foreign Languages, Guangzhou 510970, Peoples R China
[4] Nankai Univ, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, MOE Key Lab Pollut Proc & Environm Criteria, Tianjin 300071, Peoples R China
[5] SCIEX China, Guangzhou 510623, Peoples R China
[6] Jiaying Univ, Sch Chem & Environm, Meizhou 514015, Peoples R China
关键词
PFAS alternatives; Legacy PFASs; PFAS precursors; Indoor dust; POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES; RECYCLING FACILITIES; SULFONIC-ACIDS; HUMAN EXPOSURE; FATE; AIR; ASSOCIATIONS; PERSISTENCE; EMISSIONS;
D O I
10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114461
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
With the phase out of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the composition profiles of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in our living environment are unclear. In this study, 25 PFASs were analyzed in indoor dust samples collected from urban, industrial, and e-waste dismantling areas in China. PFOS alternatives, including 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (median: 5.52 ng/g) and 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8:2 Cl-PFESA) (1.81 ng/g), were frequently detected. By contrast, PFOA alternatives, such as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HPFO-DA, Gen-X) and ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA), were not found in any of the dust samples. As expected, all legacy PFASs were widely observed in indoor dust, and 4 PFAS precursors were also detected. Dust concentrations of 6:2 Cl- PFESA were strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with those of 8:2 Cl-PFESA regardless of sampling sites. 6:2 Cl-PFESA was also significantly associated with that of PFOS in industrial and e-waste (p < 0.01) areas. Association analysis suggested that the sources of PFOS and its alternatives are common or related. Although Sigma Cl-PFESA concentration was lower than that of PFOS (17.4 ng/g), industrial areas had the highest 6:2 Cl-PFESA/PFOS ratio (0.63). Composition profiles of PFASs in the industrial area showed the forefront of fluorine change. Thus, the present findings suggested that Cl-PFESAs are widely used as PFOS alternatives in China, and high levels of human Cl-PFESA exposure are expected in the future. Short-chain PFASs (C4-C7) were the predominant PFASs found in dust samples, contributing to over 40% of Sigma total PFASs. Furthermore, perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate/PFOS and perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA)/PFOA ratios were 2.8 and 0.72, respectively. These findings suggested shifting to the short-chain PFASs in the environment in China. To the authors knowledge this is the first study to document the levels of 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA in indoor dust. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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页数:8
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