Noninvasive Glucose Measurement by Microwave Biosensor with Accuracy Enhancement

A novel noninvasive microwave biosensor for glucose measurement was designed, developed and tested to show its potential for real-time and continuous glucose monitoring. The reflected S-parameter S-11 was investigated with different glucose concentrations within the range of 0.5 similar to 7 g/dL. The magnitude and resonance frequency information were utilized for prediction and then combined by data fusion to enhance the accuracy. The prediction results by magnitude and resonance frequency of S-11 versus reference glucose concentration show root-mean-squared errors (RMSE) of 0.2887 g/dL and 0.1681 g/dL respectively. The prediction by data fusion shows RMSE value of 0.1364 g/dL indicating significant accuracy improvement of 52.75% and 18.86% compared to single parameter based magnitude and frequency predictions.