The Relationship between the Urinary Cadmium Concentration and Cause-Specific Mortality in Subjects without Severe Renal Damage: A 35-Year Follow-Up Study in a Cadmium-Polluted Area of Japan

We evaluated the association between urinary cadmium concentration (uCd, mu g/g Cr) and risk of cause-specific mortality according to urinary beta 2-microglobulin (MG) concentration. Participants were 1383 male and 1700 female inhabitants of the Cd-polluted Kakehashi River basin. The uCd and beta 2-MG were evaluated in a survey in 1981-1982, where those participants were followed-up over 35 years later. Among the participants with a urinary beta 2-MG < 1000, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval) for mortality were significantly higher in those with a uCd of >= 10.0 compared with <5.0 for cardiovascular disease [HR 1.92 (1.08-3.40) for men, 1.71 (1.07-2.71) for women], pneumonia or influenza [2.10 (1.10-4.00) for men, 2.22 (1.17-4.19) for women], and digestive diseases [for men; 3.81 (1.49-9.74)]. The uCd was significantly associated with mortality from heart failure in women and digestive diseases in men, after adjustment for other causes of death using the Fine and Gray competing risk regression model. For participants with a urinary beta 2-MG of >= 1000, no significant association was observed between uCd and any major cause of death. In the absence of kidney damage, Cd may increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, pneumonia, and digestive diseases.