The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor: A Linchpin for Cell Surface Versatility of Trypanosomatids

被引:19
作者
Borges, Alyssa R. [1 ]
Link, Fabian [1 ]
Engstler, Markus [1 ]
Jones, Nicola G. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Wurzburg, Bioctr, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Wurzburg, Germany
来源
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY | 2021年 / 9卷
关键词
cell surface proteome; evolution; GPI-anchor; Kinetoplastea; Trypanosoma; Leishmania; LEISHMANIA-MAJOR PROMASTIGOTES; ACIDIC REPETITIVE PROTEIN; RAPID LATERAL DIFFUSION; CRUZI TRANS-SIALIDASE; BLOOD-STREAM FORMS; GPI-ANCHOR; STRUCTURAL-CHARACTERIZATION; GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPIDS; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM;
D O I
10.3389/fcell.2021.720536
中图分类号
Q2 [细胞生物学];
学科分类号
071009 ; 090102 ;
摘要
The use of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to anchor proteins to the cell surface is widespread among eukaryotes. The GPI-anchor is covalently attached to the C-terminus of a protein and mediates the protein's attachment to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. GPI-anchored proteins have a wide range of functions, including acting as receptors, transporters, and adhesion molecules. In unicellular eukaryotic parasites, abundantly expressed GPI-anchored proteins are major virulence factors, which support infection and survival within distinct host environments. While, for example, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is the major component of the cell surface of the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes, procyclin is the most abundant protein of the procyclic form which is found in the invertebrate host, the tsetse fly vector. Trypanosoma cruzi, on the other hand, expresses a variety of GPI-anchored molecules on their cell surface, such as mucins, that interact with their hosts. The latter is also true for Leishmania, which use GPI anchors to display, amongst others, lipophosphoglycans on their surface. Clearly, GPI-anchoring is a common feature in trypanosomatids and the fact that it has been maintained throughout eukaryote evolution indicates its adaptive value. Here, we explore and discuss GPI anchors as universal evolutionary building blocks that support the great variety of surface molecules of trypanosomatids.
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页数:30
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