Parking management in the morning commute problem with ridesharing

This paper extends the existing bottleneck model with ridesharing by considering commuters' parking competition. Each driver prefers to park closer and walk shorter to the workplace. We present a new equilibrium model by involving ridesharing and parking behaviour. The equilibrium solution implies that the parking density and parking price can significantly influence commuters' ridesharing choices and arrival times. The optimal parking density is presented to enhance the parking supply. A parking fee discount for ridesharing (PDR) scheme is proposed to encourage ridesharing and hence mitigate congestion. The optimal PDR scheme can save 50% of the system cost at most.