Diagnostic accuracy of keystroke dynamics as digital biomarkers for fine motor decline in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

被引:37
作者
Alfalahi, Hessa [1 ,2 ]
Khandoker, Ahsan H. [1 ,2 ]
Chowdhury, Nayeefa [1 ]
Iakovakis, Dimitrios [3 ]
Dias, Sofia B. [1 ,2 ,4 ]
Chaudhuri, K. Ray [5 ,6 ]
Hadjileontiadis, Leontios J. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
机构
[1] Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biomed Engn, POB 127788, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates
[2] Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Healthcare Engn Innovat Ctr HEIC, POB 127788, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates
[3] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
[4] Univ Lisbon, Fac Motricidade Humana, CIPER, P-1499002 Lisbon, Portugal
[5] Kings Coll Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Parkinsons Fdn Ctr Excellence, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, England
[6] Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat Psychol & Neurosci, Dept Basic & Clin Neurosci, De Crespigny Pk, London SE5 8AF, England
关键词
EARLY PARKINSONS-DISEASE; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; MOBILE; IMPAIRMENT; MOOD; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ABNORMALITIES; VALIDATION; SEVERITY; METADATA;
D O I
10.1038/s41598-022-11865-7
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
The unmet timely diagnosis requirements, that take place years after substantial neural loss and neuroperturbations in neuropsychiatric disorders, affirm the dire need for biomarkers with proven efficacy. In Parkinson's disease (PD), Mild Cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimers disease (AD) and psychiatric disorders, it is difficult to detect early symptoms given their mild nature. We hypothesize that employing fine motor patterns, derived from natural interactions with keyboards, also knwon as keystroke dynamics, could translate classic finger dexterity tests from clinics to populations in-the-wild for timely diagnosis, yet, further evidence is required to prove this efficiency. We have searched PubMED, Medline, IEEEXplore, EBSCO and Web of Science for eligible diagnostic accuracy studies employing keystroke dynamics as an index test for the detection of neuropsychiatric disorders as the main target condition. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of keystroke dynamics across 41 studies published between 2014 and March 2022, comprising 3791 PD patients, 254 MCI patients, and 374 psychiatric disease patients. Of these, 25 studies were included in univariate random-effect meta-analysis models for diagnostic performance assessment. Pooled sensitivity and specificity are 0.86 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.82-0.90, I-2 = 79.49%) and 0.83 (CI 0.79-0.87, I-2 = 83.45%) for PD, 0.83 (95% CI 0.65-1.00, I-2 = 79.10%) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.80-0.93, I-2 = 0%) for psychomotor impairment, and 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.96, I-2 = 50.39%) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.70-0.94, I-2 = 87.73%) for MCI and early AD, respectively. Our subgroup analyses conveyed the diagnosis efficiency of keystroke dynamics for naturalistic self-reported data, and the promising performance of multimodal analysis of naturalistic behavioral data and deep learning methods in detecting disease-induced phenotypes. The meta-regression models showed the increase in diagnostic accuracy and fine motor impairment severity index with age and disease duration for PD and MCI. The risk of bias, based on the QUADAS-2 tool, is deemed low to moderate and overall, we rated the quality of evidence to be moderate. We conveyed the feasibility of keystroke dynamics as digital biomarkers for fine motor decline in naturalistic environments. Future work to evaluate their performance for longitudinal disease monitoring and therapeutic implications is yet to be performed. We eventually propose a partnership strategy based on a "co-creation" approach that stems from mechanistic explanations of patients' characteristics derived from data obtained in-clinics and under ecologically valid settings. The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in PROSPERO; identifier CRD42021278707. The presented work is supported by the KU-KAIST joint research center.
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页数:24
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