Evaluation of the Sensitivity and Specificity of 11C-Metomidate Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-CT for Lateralizing Aldosterone Secretion by Conn's Adenomas

Context: Identification of unilateral aldosterone-producing (Conn's) adenomas has traditionally required lateralization by the invasive and technically difficult procedure of adrenal vein sampling (AVS). C-11-metomidate, a potent inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes, is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer that is selectively accumulated by Conn's adenomas. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of C-11-metomidate PET-computed tomography (CT) against the current gold standard of AVS. Design: The design of the study was within-patient comparison of diagnostic techniques. Setting: The study was conducted at a single center-university teaching hospital. Patients: Thirty-nine patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) and five with nonfunctioning adenomas (incidentalomas) participated in the study. Intervention(s): The first six PHA patients were studied on three occasions to determine whether steroid pretreatment reduced C-11-metomidate uptake by normal adrenal. Subsequent patients received dexamethasone for 3 d prior to injection of C-11-metomidate 150-500 MBq. Main Outcome Measure(s): Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) over regions of interest determined from 35-45 min after injection were measured. Results: Dexamethasone increased tumor to normal adrenal SUVmax ratio by 25.6 +/- 5.0%(P < 0.01). PET-CT visualized subcentimeter adenomas and distinguished hot from cold adenomas within a gland. In 25 patients with PHA and AVS lateralization to the side of an adenoma, SUVmax overtumor (mean +/- SEM) of 21.7 +/- 1.6 was greater than over normal adrenal, 13.8 +/- 0.6 (P = 0.00003); this difference was absent in 10 patients without lateralization on AVS (P = 0.28) and in four of five incidentalomas. On receiver-operator characteristics analysis, an SUVmax ratio of 1.25:1 provided a specificity of 87% [95% confidence interval (69, 104)] and sensitivity of 76% (59, 93); in tumors with SUVmax greater than 17, the specificity rose to 100%. Conclusions: C-11-metomidate PET-CT is a sensitive and specific noninvasive alternative to AVS in the management of PHA. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97: 100-109, 2012)