Reassessment of Vegetation Size as a Sole Indication for Surgery in Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis

Background: Guidelines recommend surgery for left-sided infective endocarditis (LSIE) that is associated with large vegetations. Given that most patients who undergo surgery also have other indications (heart failure and/or uncontrolled infection), it is not settled whether surgery should be routinely recommended in patients with large vegetations but no other predictors of poor outcome. Methods: A total of 726 patients with definitive LSIE were included in our analysis. The mean age was 64.9 years, and 61% were male. Multivariate analysis of all patients was performed to determine whether vegetation size is related to death in LSIE. Then patients were divided into two groups according to vegetation size: group A (>10 mm, n = 420) and group B (<= 10 mm, n = 306). Univariate and multivariate analyses of group A patients were carried out to identify the variables related to death in this group. The impact of surgery on mortality in group A patients without heart failure or uncontrolled local infection (n = 139) was assessed. Results: Age, Staphylococcus aureus, perivalvular complications, heart failure, kidney failure, and septic shock, but not vegetation size, were associated with death. Patients with large vegetations showedincreased mortality (31.7% in group Avs 24.8% in group B; P=.045). Group Ahad more valve rupture and valve regurgitation than group B, but heart failure (55% vs 53%; P =.678), stroke (22% vs 17.0%, P =.091), systemic embolism (39% vs 32%; P =.074), perivalvular complication (28% vs 28%; P =.865), and septic shock (15% vs 13%; P =.288) were similar in both groups. In patients from group A without heart failure or uncontrolled infection, mortality was similar with and without surgery (n = 139; n= 70 with surgery and n = 69 without surgery; mortality, 18.6% vs 11.6%, respectively; P =.251). Conclusions: Large vegetations identify patients with poor outcomes in the context of LSIE. However, surgery is not associated with a better prognosis in patients with large vegetations if they do not present with another predictor of poor outcome such as heart failure or uncontrolled infection. These findings challenge whether vegetation size alone should be an indication for surgery in LSIE.