Bilateral massive pleural effusions caused by uremic pleuritis

A 61-year-old man was started on hemodialysis in June 1998. Just after the commencement of dialysis, a chest Xray film revealed bilateral pleural effusions. The effusions were hemorrhagic and exudative, and did not respond to dialysis. He was transferred to our university hospital on October 8, 1998. Repeated thoracentesis demonstrated hemorrhagic and exudative characteristics without any diagnostic evidence. Pleural biopsies showed fibrosis and lymphocyte infiltration. The effusions were massive and did not respond to treatments including hemodialysis, repeatedly performed pleurodesis and the administration of antituberculous drugs. He died of respiratory failure on December 30, 1998. The autopsy confirmed bilateral fibrinous pleuritis without any underlying infections or malignancy. We diagnosed this case as uremic pleuritis from this clinical course and the autopsy findings. The clinical entity of uremic pleuritis was recognized as a complication of patients with hemodialysis in 1969. Uremic pleuritis generally responds to continued hemodialysis and the prognosis is usually good. However, some case reports demonstrated that surgical decortication is only indicated in cases with a severe clinical course. The clinical course of the present case was progressive and fatal. Uremic pleuritis is a serious complication of hemodialysis, which may lead to death.