Stochastic Optimal Design of Household-Based Hybrid Energy Supply Systems Using Sample Average Approximation

In terms of energy production, combining conventional and renewable energy sources prove to be more sustainable and cost-effective. Nevertheless, e. cient planning and designing of such systems are extremely complex due to the intermittency of renewable sources. Many existing studies fail to capture the stochasticity and/ or avoid detailed reliability analysis. This research proposes a practical stochastic multi-objective optimization tool for optimally laying out and sizing the components of a grid-linked system to optimize system power at a low cost. A comparative analysis of four state-of-theart algorithms using the hypervolume measure, execution time, and nonparametric statistical analysis revealed that the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III) was more promising, despite its significantly longer execution time. According to the NSGA-III calculations, given solar irradiance and energy pro'les, the household would need to install a 5.5 (kWh) solar panel tilted at 26.3 degrees and orientated at 0.52 degrees to produce 65.6 ( kWh) of power. The best battery size needed to store enough excess power to improve reliability was 2.3 (kWh). The cost for the design was $73520. In comparison, the stochastic technique allows for the construction of a grid-linked system that is far more cost-effective and reliable.