Diagnosis and conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has a diagnosis rate of 3% to 5% per year, but the number of cases requiring surgical treatments is very small, accounting for only 0.17% to 1.75% of all AIS patients. Most patients with AIS are diagnosed, treated, and managed in outpatient clinics. Current Concepts: AIS is a disease that occurs more frequently, and progresses faster, in females than in males. Scoliosis deformity can occur due to various causes. To differentially diagnose AIS, it is necessary to perform careful physical examinations, investigate family history, and check for neurological, growth, and developmental abnormalities. Definitive diagnosis of AIS can be performed through radiographic imaging. In the case of atypical curvature and symptoms, examinations such as magnetic resonance imaging could be required in addition to radiographic imaging. Treatment of AIS patients in outpatient clinics can be performed through observation, exercise, and orthosis. The selection and application of treatment methods and the termination period of the treatments are complexly affected by the age at the time of diagnosis; pattern, location and size of the curve; and growth potential. Discussion and Conclusion: AIS is a disease in which good results can be obtained with conservative treatments such as exercise and orthosis, which is generally applied in an outpatient setting. To properly treat AIS, it is necessary to have an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of AIS, timing of treatment, and factors influencing treatment.