The Fate of Oxygen in the Ocean and Its Sensitivity to Local Changes in Biological Production

We investigate the sensitivity of the oxygen content and true oxygen utilization of key low-oxygen regions omega to pointwise changes in biological production. To understand how the combined water and biogenic particle transport controls the sensitivity patterns and the fate of oxygen in the ocean, we develop new relationships that link the steady-state oxygen content and deficit of omega to the downstream and upstream oxygen utilization rate (OUR), respectively. We find that the amount of oxygen from omega that will be lost per unit volume at point r is linked to OUR(r) through the mean oxygen age accumulated in omega. The geographic sensitivity pattern of the omega-integrated oxygen deficit is shaped by where the utilization occurs that causes this deficit. The contribution to the oxygen deficit of omega from utilization at r is controlled by the mean time that water at r spends in omega before next ventilation at the surface. We illustrate these relationships and the new transport timescales using a simple steady-state data-constrained carbon and oxygen model. We focus on omega being the global ocean, the Pacific Hypoxic Zone (PHZ, [O-2] < 62.5 mu M), and the North Pacific oxygen minimum zone. The oxygen deficit of the PHZ is most sensitive where mode and intermediate waters form and where increased organic-matter production directly increases the PHZ's oxygen demand. The fraction of the local oxygen concentration that will be utilized in respiration is as high as 90% in the PHZ and up to 70% in the water column beneath it.