Remodeling of extracellular matrix in the urinary bladder of paraplegic rats results in increase d compliance and delaye d fib er recruitment 16 weeks after spinal cord injury

The ability of the urinary bladder to maintain low intravesical pressures while storing urine is key in ensuring proper organ function and highlights the key role that tissue mechanics plays in the lower urinary tract. Loss of supraspinal neuronal connections to the bladder after spinal cord injury can lead to remodeling of the structure of the bladder wall, which may alter its mechanical characteristics. In this study, we investigate if the morphology and mechanical properties of the bladder extracellular matrix are altered in rats 16 weeks after spinal cord injury as compared to animals who underwent sham surgery. We measured and quantified the changes in bladder geometry and mechanical behavior using histological analysis, tensile testing, and constitutive modeling. Our results suggest bladder compliance is increased in paraplegic animals 16 weeks post-injury. Furthermore, constitutive modeling showed that increased distensibility was driven by an increase in collagen fiber waviness, which altered the distribution of fiber recruitment during loading. Statement of significance The ability of the urinary bladder to store urine under low pressure is key in ensuring proper organ func-tion. This highlights the important role that mechanics plays in the lower urinary tract. Loss of control of neurologic connection to the bladder from spinal cord injury can lead to changes of the structure of the bladder wall, resulting in altered mechanical characteristics. We found that the bladder wall's mi-crostructure in rats 16 weeks after spinal cord injury is more compliant than in healthy animals. This is significant since it is the longest time post-injury analyzed, to date. Understanding the extreme remodel-ing capabilities of the bladder in pathological conditions is key to inform new possible therapies. (c) 2022 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.