Diclofenac-β-cyclodextrin binary systems:: physicochemical characterization and in vitro dissolution and diffusion studies

The aim of this work was to study the influence of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) on the biopharmaceutic properties of diclofenac (DCF). To this purpose the physicochemical characterization of diclofenac-beta-cyclodextrin binary systems was performed both in solution and solid state. Solid phase characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Phase solubility analyses, and in vitro permeation experiments through a synthetic membrane were performed in solution. Moreover, DCF/beta-CD interactions were studied in DMSO by H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The effects of different preparation methods and drug-to-beta-CD molar ratios were also evaluated. Phase solubility studies revealed 1: 1 M complexation of DCF when the freeze-drying method was used for the preparation of the binary system. The true inclusion for the freeze-dried binary system was confirmed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy, DSC, powder XRD, and IR studies. The dissolution study revealed that the drug dissolution rate was improved by the presence of CDs and the highest and promptest release was obtained with the freeze-dried binary system. Diffusion experiments through a silicone membrane showed that DCF diffusion was higher from the saturated drug solution ( control) than the freeze-dried inclusion complexes, prepared using different DCF-beta-CD molar ratios. However, the presence of the inclusion complex was able to stabilize the system giving rise to a more regular diffusion profile.