Equality! the sacred right of equality. Representation under Constitution of 1812

Historians generally argue that Spaniards were not willing to grant Americans equal representation in the Cortes of Cadiz. This article examines the nature of representation in the Antiguo Regimen and the reasons inequality existed in the institutions that emerged after 1808, the Junta Central, the Regency, and the Cortes. Although it is true that the Peninsular majority refused to grant the castas full political rights, they acted to preserve equal representation for themselves in the Cortes. Their actions were predicated on an erroneous belief about the total population of the overseas territories. Opposition to granting the castas full political rights was also shared by some American deputies - those from regions with large African origin population -. Although the Peninsular majority failed to grant Americans the equal representation based on population that they desired, the Spaniards went further than the leaders of any other European nation. England never considered granting the white population of its North American possessions any representation in Parliament, much less equality.