Diving Beneath the Sea of Stellar Activity: Chromatic Radial Velocities of the Young AU Mic Planetary System

被引：61

作者：

Cale, Bryson L. ^{[1
]}

Reefe, Michael ^{[1
]}

Plavchan, Peter ^{[1
]}

Tanner, Angelle ^{[2
]}

Gaidos, Eric ^{[3
]}

Gagne, Jonathan ^{[4
,5
]}

Gao, Peter ^{[6
]}

Kane, Stephen R. ^{[7
]}

Bejar, Victor J. S. ^{[8
,9
]}

Lodieu, Nicolas ^{[8
,9
]}

Anglada-Escude, Guillem ^{[10
,11
]}

Ribas, Ignasi ^{[10
,11
]}

Palle, Enric ^{[8
,9
]}

Quirrenbach, Andreas ^{[12
]}

Amado, Pedro J. ^{[13
]}

Reiners, Ansgar ^{[14
]}

Caballero, Jose A. ^{[15
]}

Osorio, Maria Rosa Zapatero ^{[16
]}

Dreizler, Stefan ^{[14
]}

Howard, Andrew W. ^{[17
]}

Fulton, Benjamin J. ^{[18
]}

Wang, Sharon Xuesong ^{[19
]}

Collins, Kevin, I ^{[1
]}

El Mufti, Mohammed ^{[1
]}

Wittrock, Justin ^{[1
]}

Gilbert, Emily A. ^{[20
,21
,22
,23
,24
]}

Barclay, Thomas ^{[21
,25
]}

Klein, Baptiste ^{[26
]}

Martioli, Eder ^{[27
,28
]}

Wittenmyer, Robert ^{[29
]}

Wright, Duncan ^{[29
]}

Addison, Brett ^{[29
]}

Hirano, Teruyuki ^{[30
,31
,32
]}

Tamura, Motohide ^{[30
,31
,33
]}

Kotani, Takayuki ^{[30
,31
,32
]}

Narita, Norio ^{[30
,34
,35
,36
]}

Vermilion, David ^{[1
]}

Lee, Rena A. ^{[37
]}

Geneser, Claire ^{[2
]}

Teske, Johanna ^{[38
]}

Quinn, Samuel N. ^{[39
]}

Latham, David W. ^{[39
]}

Esquerdo, Gilbert A. ^{[39
]}

Calkins, Michael L. ^{[39
]}

Berlind, Perry ^{[39
]}

Zohrabi, Farzaneh ^{[40
]}

Stibbards, Caitlin ^{[1
]}

Kotnana, Srihan ^{[1
,41
]}

Jenkins, Jon ^{[42
]}

Twicken, Joseph D. ^{[42
,43
]}

机构：

[1] George Mason Univ, 4400 Univ Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA

[2] Mississippi State Univ, 75 BS Hood Rd, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA

[3] Univ Hawaii Manoa, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[4] Espace Vie, Planetarium Rio Tinto Alcan, 4801 Av Pierre De Coubertin, Montreal, PQ H1V 3V4, Canada

[5] Univ Montreal, Inst Res Exoplanets, Dept Phys, CP 6128 Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada

[6] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[7] Univ Calif Riverside, 900 Univ Ave, Riverside, CA 92521 USA

[8] Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain

[9] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain

[10] CSIC, Inst Ciencies Espai ICE, Campus UAB,Can Magrans S-N, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain

[11] Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya IEEC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain

[12] Heidelberg Univ, Landessternwarte, Zentrum Astron, Konigstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[13] Inst Astrofis Andalucia CSIC, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain

[14] Georg August Univ, Inst Astrophys, Friedrich Hund Pl 1, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany

[15] ESAC, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Camino Bajo Castillo S-N, E-28692 Madrid, Spain

[16] Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Carretera Ajalvir Km 4, E-28850 Madrid, Spain

[17] CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[18] IPAC, 770 South Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[19] Tsinghua Univ, Dept Astron, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China

[20] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[21] Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA

[22] Adler Planetarium, 1300 South Lakeshore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA

[23] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[24] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr Sellers Exoplanet E, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[25] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[26] Univ Oxford, Subdept Astrophys, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England

[27] Sorbonne Univ, Inst Astrophys Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095, 98 Bis Bd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

[28] Lab Nacl Astrofis, Rua Estados Unidos 154, BR-37504364 Itajub, MG, Brazil

[29] Univ Southern Queensland, West St, Darling Hts, Qld 4350, Australia

[30] Astrobiol Ctr, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[31] Natl Astron Observ Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[32] Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Sch Phys Sci, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[33] Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan

[34] Univ Tokyo, Komaba Inst Sci, Meguro Ku, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo 1538902, Japan

[35] JST, PRESTO, Meguro Ku, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo 1538902, Japan

[36] Inst Astrofis Canarias IAC, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain

[37] Univ Hawaii Manoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[38] Carnegie Earth & Planets Lab, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA

[39] Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[40] Louisiana State Univ, 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA

[41] Westfield High Sch, 4700 Stonecroft Blvd, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA

[42] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA

[43] SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA

[44] Mikulski Arch Space Telescopes, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

[45] MIT, Dept Phys, 70 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

[46] MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, 70 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

[47] NASA, Astrophys Sci Div, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, 800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

来源：

ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL | 2021年 / 162卷 / 06期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 欧洲研究理事会; 澳大利亚研究理事会;

关键词：

LOW-MASS STARS; ECHELLE SPECTROGRAPH; ERROR-CORRECTION; CARMENES SEARCH; SUPER-EARTH; DWARFS; EXOPLANETS; SPECTROMETER; ALGORITHMS; SIGNALS;

D O I：

10.3847/1538-3881/ac2c80

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

We present updated radial-velocity (RV) analyses of the AU Mic system. AU Mic is a young (22 Myr) early-M dwarf known to host two transiting planets-P-b similar to 8.46 days, R-b = 4.381(-0.18)(+0.18) R-circle plus, P-c similar to 18.86 days, R-c = 3.5(-0.16)(+0.16) R-circle plus. With visible RVs from Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths with Near-infrared and optical echelle Spectrographs (CARMENES)-VIS, CHIRON, HARPS, HIRES, MINERVA-Australis, and Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph, as well as near-infrared (NIR) RVs from CARMENES-NIR, CSHELL, IRD, iSHELL, NIRSPEC, and SPIRou, we provide a 5 sigma upper limit to the mass of AU Mic c of M-c <= 20.13 M-circle plus and present a refined mass of AU Mic b of M-b = 20.12 (+1.72)(-1.57) M-circle plus. Used in our analyses is a new RV modeling toolkit to exploit the wavelength dependence of stellar activity present in our RVs via wavelength-dependent Gaussian processes. By obtaining near-simultaneous visible and near-infrared RVs, we also compute the temporal evolution of RV "color" and introduce a regressional method to aid in isolating Keplerian from stellar activity signals when modeling RVs in future works. Using a multiwavelength Gaussian process model, we demonstrate the ability to recover injected planets at 5a significance with semi-amplitudes down to approximate to 10 m s(-1) with a known ephemeris, more than an order of magnitude below the stellar activity amplitude. However, we find that the accuracy of the recovered semi-amplitudes is similar to 50% for such signals with our model.

引用

页数：32

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