Taxifolin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via attenuating NF-kappa B/MLCK pathway in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model

Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction can cause several intestinal diseases. Flavonoids have been shown to be beneficial to the intestinal epithelial barrier function. However, the effects of taxifolin (TAX), a naturally occurring flavonoid, on the intestinal epithelial barrier function are unclear. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of TAX against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Our results showed that TAX increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and decreased the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (4 kDa) flux in the damaged intestinal epithelial barrier. Meanwhile, TAX inhibited an LPS-induced decrease in mRNA and protein expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-1, zonula occludens [ZO]-1, and occludin), and ameliorating the continuous distribution pattern disrupted of TJs. These results suggested that TAX ameliorated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Regarding the underlying mechanism, TAX reduced the LPS-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6 in Caco-2 cell monolayers. In addition, TAX suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B), inhibitor protein of NF-kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha), and myosin light chain (MLC), and downregulated the expression of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in LPS-treated Caco-2 cells. In summary, TAX can maintain TJ proteins by inhibiting the NF-kappa B/MLCK pathway and pro-inflammatory factor secretion to ameliorate LPS-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Thus, TAX is a promising candidate agent for use in functional food to ameliorate intestinal barrier dysfunction.