Rationale: Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a once-daily oral antiepileptic drug for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Adverse events such as dizziness and somnolence reported in clinical studies suggest that ESL has detectable central nervous system (CNS) effects in addition to its antiepileptic effects. This Phase I study evaluated the abuse liability of ESL compared with that of alprazolam (ALP) and placebo (PBO) in recreational CNS depressant users. Methods: In this single-dose, randomized, double-blind, PBO- and active-controlled crossover study, healthy recreational CNS depressant users who could discern between ALP 2 mg and PBO received single oral doses of each of the following treatments with a washout interval of >= 7 days between each treatment: ESL (800 mg, 1600 mg, 2000 mg, and 2400 mg); ALP (1.5 mg and 3.0 mg); and PBO. Subjective measures, including visual analog scales (VASs) e.g., Drug-Liking (primary endpoint), and Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) Morphine-Benzedrine Group (MBG), Pentobarbital Chlorpromazine Alcohol Group (PCAG), and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Group scales were evaluated at multiple time points up to 24 h postdose. Cognitive effects were evaluated using the Choice Reaction Time (CRT), Divided Attention (DAT) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Task-Revised tests. Principal results: Peak scores for Drug-Liking VAS (maximum effect [E-max]) were significantly higher for both ALP doses than for PBO (p < 0.0001), thereby confirming study validity. Drug-Liking VAS E-max was significantly lower for all ESL doses than both ALP doses (p < 0.0001). Drug-Liking VAS E-max for ESL 800 mg was similar to that for PBO (least squares [LS] mean difference: 3.6; p = 0.19). At the three higher ESL doses (1600 mg and the supratherapeutic doses of 2000 mg and 2400 mg), Drug-Liking VAS E-max was significantly higher than for PBO, although the differences were minimal (IS mean difference: 9.3-133 out of 100). For most secondary subjective endpoints (i.e., Good Effects VAS and High VAS, ARCI-MBG, Take Drug Again VAS, Overall Drug-Liking VAS, and ARCI-PCAG; p < 0.05), the effect of ESL (all doses) was significantly less than that of ALP (both doses). On most secondary measures, the dose-response relationship was relatively flat or showed saturation at higher ESL doses. Although significant differences were observed for ESL compared with those for PBO for some specific CRT and DAT endpoints (i.e., reaction time, manual tracking, hit latency), ALP demonstrated significant and dose-dependent impairment on the majority of cognitive endpoints when compared with PBO and ESL Mean plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of ESL, eslicarbazepine, increased with increasing ESL dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for eslicarbazepine were generally comparable with results from previous studies in healthy volunteers. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that single doses of ESL may have less abuse liability than ALP in recreational sedative users. Although ESL had detectable subjective effects and showed some drug-'liking' at higher doses, the magnitude of these effects was small. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
