Exploring mitigating role of zinc nanoparticles on arsenic, ammonia and temperature stress using molecular signature in fish

Background: The pollution and climate change in aquatic ecosystems are major problems threatening the aquatic organisms for existence in the recent timeline, which promotes the extinction of the fish species. However, the present study dealt with zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in mitigating arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Materials and methods: To studying different gene expressions, an experiment was conducted to mitigate the multiple stressors using dietary Zn-NPs at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg kg(-1) diets. In the present investigation, the gene expressions studies were performed for growth hormone regulator 1 (GHR1), growth hormone regulator beta (GHR beta), growth hormone (GR) in liver and gill tissue as well as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) in the muscle tissue. The anti-oxidative genes CAT, SOD and GPx in liver and gill tissues were also analysed. Expression studies for stress responsive heat shock protein gene (HSP70), DNA damage inducible protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), immune related genes such as interleukin (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha), toll like receptor (TLR) and immunoglobulin were performed. At the end of the experiment the fish were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of Zn-NPs. Results: In the present investigation, the growth hormone regulator 1 (GHR1), growth hormone regulator beta (GHR beta), growth hormone (GR) in liver and gill as well as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) in muscle were noticeably altered, whereas, Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg(-1) diet improved gene expressions. The anti-oxidant gene viz. CAT, SOD and GPx in liver and gill tissues were upregulated by stressors such as As, NH3, NH3+T. As+T and As+NH3+T. Therefore, anti-oxidant genes were noticeably improved with dietary Zn-NPs diet. The stress protein gene (HSP70), DNA damage inducible protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly upregulated, whereas, Zn-NPs diet was applied to the corrected gene regulation. Similarly, immune related genes such as interleukin (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha), toll like receptor (TLR) and immunoglobulin were highly affected by stressors. Dietary Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg(-1) diet was improved all the immune related gene expression and mitigate arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stress in fish. Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that Zn-NPs at 4.0 mg kg(-1) diet has enormous potential to modulates arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stress, and protect against pathogenic infections in fish.