Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome: A Rare, Mosaic Disease of Gαs Activation

Fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS) is a rare disorder of striking complexity. It arises from somatic, gain-of- function mutations in GNAS, leading to mosaic G alpha(s) activation and inappropriate production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The clinical phenotype is largely determined by the location and extent of affected tissues, and the pathophysiological effects of G alpha(s) activation within these tissues. In bone, G alpha(s) activation results in impaired differentiation of skeletal stem cells, leading to discrete skeletal lesions prone to fracture, deformity, and pain. Extraskeletal manifestations include a variable combination of hyperpigmented macules and hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies. Distinctive age-related changes in disease development has key effects on histologic, radiographic, and clinical features. FD/MAS thus presents along a uniquely broad clinical spectrum, and the resulting challenges in diagnosis and management can be difficult for clinicians. This review presents FD/MAS in the context of a mosaic disorder of G alpha(s) activation, providing an intellectual framework within which to understand, evaluate, and treat this interesting disease. It includes a comprehensive summary of current understanding of FD/MAS pathogenesis, and a detailed discussion of clinical presentation and management. Critical areas of unmet need are highlighted, including discussion of key challenges and potential solutions to advance research and dinical care in FD/MAS. [GRAPHICS] .