Association Between Bisphosphonates and Hospitalized Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Frail Older Adults

Objectives: Clostridioides difficile infection is a major source of morbidity and mortality among frail older adults, especially those in nursing homes (NHs). Safety reports have signaled that bisphosphonate use may be a contributing cause. We therefore evaluated the risk of C difficile hospitalization associated with oral bisphosphonate use in the NH. Design: Observational, retrospective new-user cohort study. Setting: The cohort included US NH residents aged >= 65 years who became a long-stay resident (>100 days in the NH) between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009. Methods: We conducted a study of NH residents using linked Medicare claims and Minimum Data Set records. Residents were new users of an oral bisphosphonate 1:1 matched to new calcitonin users ("active" comparator) on propensity scores controlling for more than 100 covariates. The outcome was risk of hospitalization for C difficile infection in a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for previous antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor use. Results: Our final analytical cohort included 17,753 bisphosphonate and 5348 calcitonin users. In the matched cohort, 84/5209 (1.6%) vs 71/5209 (1.4%) C difficile-related hospitalizations occurred in bisphosphonate and calcitonin users, respectively. We observed no significant difference in the risk of hospitalization among bisphosphonate users (hazard ratio: 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 0.80-1.51). Antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor exposure before and after osteoporosis treatment was also similar between bisphosphonate and calcitonin users. Conclusions and Implications: C difficile infection should not be a consideration when prescribing bisphosphonates to frail older adults given the lack of a significant association. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine.