UV-induced activation of organic chloramine: Radicals generation, transformation pathway and DBP formation

Organic chloramines of little disinfection efficacy commonly exist in disinfection process (chlor(am)ination) due to the wide presence of organic amines in water, of which N-chlorodimethylamine (CDMA) is a typical one. For the first time, UV photolysis for the activation of CDMA was investigated. UV photolysis caused the cleavage of N-Cl bond in CDMA to form Cl center dot and subsequently HO center dot, both of which are dominant contributors to the destruction of model contaminant bisphenol A (BPA). Typical spectra of HO center dot were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, while spectra of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were not detected during UV photolysis of CDMA. The increase of pH (6.0-8.0), HCO3-/CO32-, Cl- and nature organic matter inhibited the degradation of BPA. We proposed pathways of CDMA and BPA degradation based on the identified transformation products. UV photolysis of CDMA and BPA reduced the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at pH 8.0, but increased the formation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) at pH 7.0 and 8.0. The increasing toxicity and the formation of TCNM and NDMA gave us a hint that formation of organic chloramines should be concerned.