To clarify the current situation regarding nano layered silicate-modified asphalt, the latest research progress is reviewed in this study. The raw materials and preparation parameters of layered silicate-modified asphalt are summarised. In addition, the microstructure and internal reaction mechanism of modified asphalt are systematically analysed. Specifically, the effects of nano layered silicate on the performance of asphalt, including the high and low-temperature properties, water stability, and aging properties, are discussed in detail. Finally, we review the disadvantages of this technology and examine the direction of future research trends.