Animal welfare: context, definition, evaluation

The importance of the welfare of animals that live under the control of humans (e.g. in farms, zoos, circuses, experimentations or pets) has been gradually affirmed over the last 50 years. In this report, the concept of animal welfare has been placed in its philosophical, societal and legal contexts, which influence its consideration and its meaning. Particular attention has been paid to the scientific bases of the notion of welfare, which is based on the psychological characteristics of animals, that is sentient and conscious beings. The definition of the concept of welfare presented here focuses on the mental state of the individual in its environment and therefore does not only refer to positive human actions towards animals, a necessary condition for welfare but whose result must be evaluated at the animal level. This mental dimension draws attention to the fact that good health, as well as a satisfactory level of production or a lack of stress, are not enough. It is also necessary to take into account what the animal feels, not only unpleasant subjective perceptions such as frustration, pain and suffering, but also to seek positive emotions. The analysis of behaviours and the physiological and health status of the animal provides an integrated vision of its welfare. These measurements on animals need to be combined with environmental data in welfare assessment protocols.