Multidirectional left ventricle and longitudinal right ventricle deformation analysis by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in young elite athletes

Objective By using a multiparametric two-dimensional speckle tracking analysis we aimed at investigating whether high performance sport induces changes in the left and right ventricular mechanics in young subjects. Methods and results Young elite athletes (n = 37, mean age 17.5 +/- 3.7 years) divided by type of activity in endurance athletes [EAs] (n = 30) and strength athletes [SAs] (n = 7) and sedentary subjects (n = 22, mean age 20.1 +/- 4.6 years) were prospectively enrolled. The subjects were analysed using standard two-dimensional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Left ventricle (LV) deformation measurements included global peak systolic (GLPSS) and maximum longitudinal strain (GLMS), circumferential (GCMS) and radial strain (GRMS). Additionally, LV post systolic index (PSI) and rotational components were investigated. Right ventricle (RV) deformation evaluation consisted of mean longitudinal peak systolic strain (LPSS). Athletes presented increased LV mass (P < 0.05) and hypertrophy of the RV free wall (P < 0.01) No difference regarding LV volumes or ejection fraction was found. RV end-systolic (P < 0.05) and end-diastolic area (P < 0.01) and RA end-systolic (P < 0.05) and end-diastolic volumes (P < 0.05) were larger in athletes. GLPSS (P < 0.01) and GLMS (P < 0.05) were decreased in athletes, with SAs presenting the lowest values, while no significant differences concerning PSI, GCMS, GRMS or the rotational components were found in athletes when compared to controls. RV LPSS was similar in both groups. Conclusions Young performance athletes demonstrate a subtle but significant reduction of LV longitudinal deformation, more pronounced in strength performers while circumferential and radial deformations as well as the RV longitudinal strain.