Evolution of failure mechanisms in 2D and 3D woven composite systems under quasi-static perforation

The effects of reinforcement geometry, in 2D and 3D woven fabric-reinforced composites, on the progression of damage and perforation failure at quasi-static loading rates (10-80 mum/s) are investigated. The broad classes of glass-fiber-reinforced systems that were examined include 2D plain-woven laminates, 3D orthogonally woven monolithic systems, and 3D orthogonally woven laminates. The experimental results indicate that the 3D laminates consistently had greater damage tolerance than the 2D laminates and the 31) monolithic composites. The enhanced damage tolerance of the 3D systems is due to unique energy absorption mechanisms, which involve the crimped portion of z-tows.