Alternatives to solve SDG trade-offs and to enforce SDG synergies: a systematic literature review

Purpose This paper takes a critical view of synergies and trade-offs and discloses the practices that countries and companies should apply to achieve sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach This paper offers a systematic literature review of 408 papers to find models of sustainable development goals (SDGs) interaction with the aim of shedding light on the existing synergies and trade-offs and finding solutions to enhance these synergies and minimize the trade-offs. Findings Both rich and developing countries should follow multiple strategies to improve the quality of life of their citizens. Developing countries should focus on eradicating poverty. Rich countries should apply new economic models that are more likely to be environmental-friendly. Finally, the topic of SDGs should be revisited by the United Nations. Practical implications Boosting the quality of education and providing clean energy are two of the most relevant actions that should to be taken by countries, as they will accelerate the fulfilment of all the other SDGs. The use of circular economic models or new business models, such as the sharing economy, is essential to the achievement of sustained economic growth without negative environmental impact. Originality/value The paper analyzes SDG interactions and offers a critical vision of practices that countries and companies should adhere to for achieving sustainable development.