PROBING BULK FLOW WITH NEARBY SNe Ia DATA

We test the isotropy of the local universe using low-redshift supernova data from various catalogs and the nonparametric method of smoothed residuals. Using a recently developed catalog that combines supernova data from various surveys, we show that the isotropic hypothesis of a universe with zero velocity perturbation can be rejected with moderate significance, with p-value similar to 0.07 out to redshift z < 0.045. We estimate the direction of maximal anisotropy on the sky for various preexisting catalogs and show that it remains relatively unaffected by the light-curve fitting procedure. However, the recovered direction is biased by the underlying distribution of data points on the sky. We estimate both the uncertainty and bias in the direction by creating mock data containing a randomly oriented bulk flow and using our method to reconstruct its direction. After correcting for this bias effect, we infer the direction of maximum anisotropy as (b, l) = (20 degrees, 276 degrees) +/- (12 degrees, 29 degrees) in galactic coordinates. Finally, we compare the anisotropic signal in the data to mock realizations in which large-scale velocity perturbations are consistently accounted for at the level of linear perturbation theory. We show that including the effect of the velocity perturbation in our mock catalogs degrades the significance of the anisotropy considerably, with p-value increasing to similar to 0.29. One can conclude from our analysis that there is a moderate deviation from isotropy in the supernova data, but the signal is consistent with a large-scale bulk velocity expected within Lambda CDM.