Mass spectrometry imaging in zebrafish larvae for assessing drug safety and metabolism

Drug safety assessment in the early phases of drug discovery is critical to facilitate the rapid development of novel therapeutics. Recently, teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a promising vertebrate model for the assessment of drug safety. Zebrafish is a convenient model because of its small size, high fecundity, embryo transparency, and ex utero development. In this study, we developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) method applied to zebrafish larvae to investigate safety and metabolism of sahaquine (Sq), an anticancer agent inhibiting histone deacetylase 6. This technique improves on prior studies using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) by adding analysis of the drug spatial distribution. Using this method, it was determined that Sq dissolved in fish water (1-2000 mu M) did not reach the larval body and was mainly distributed throughout the yolk. High Sq concentration (800 mu M) administered intravenously allowed the compound to reach the larval body but did not induce phenotypic abnormalities. Sq was metabolized into its glucuronidated form within 24 h and was excreted within 72 h. MALDI MSI was instrumental in showing that Sq-glucuronide was mainly formed in the gut and slightly in yolk syncytial layer, and provided valuable insights into xenobiotics elimination in zebrafish larvae. This study indicates that Sq has a good safety profile and merits further investigations in other disease models. In addition, the optimized MALDI MSI protocol provided here can be widely applied to study distribution and metabolic fate of other structurally related molecules.