Natural gas origin of Langgu Sag in Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin: Insight from hydrous pyrolysis experiments of gold tube

Two mudstone samples in low-maturity from the E2s3 source rock interval were used to hydrous pyrolysis experiments of gold tube with isothermal heating in order to better understand natural gas origins of Langgu Sag. The results displayed that the E2s source rocks in Langgu Sag attained the peak yield of nearly 350 mg/g TOC at about 0.9% of Ro for C6+ compounds due to thermal cracking occurrence of them if Ro higher than 0.9%, and C6-14 compounds would reach the maximum yield at about 1.3% of Ro owed to C14+ compounds preferentially cracking to them. Hydrocarbon gases were dominated by kerogen cracking gases at Ro lower than about 1.3% (referred to oil associated gases) and higher than about 1.8% (interpreted to residual kerogen cracking gases) but by secondary gases (belonged to early-generated liquid hydrocarbon cracking gases) if Ro at about 1.3%-1.8% for E2s source rocks. Furthermore, the yield of kerogen cracking gases would reach 90-100 ml/g TOC at 1.3% of Ro, far greater than 20 ml/g TOC as the lower limit standard of an effective gas source rock, even the kerogen cracking gas yield could reach 20 ml/g TOC if Ro at about 0.8%, therefore, as long as the E2s source rocks in Langgu Sag reach mature level, they can become effective gas source rocks. Considering their calculated Ro mainly distributing between 1.0% and 1.3% except Ordovician buried-hill reservoirs of the D2 oil-gas field, the proved natural gases in Langgu Sag mainly originated from kerogen cracking gases at Ro lower than 1.3%. And the gases from Ordovician buried-hill reservoirs of the D2 oil-gas field, with calculated Ro ranging about 1.3%-1.6%, essentially derived from residual liquid hydrocarbon cracking gases of the E2s4 source rocks, because the Ro of E2s3 source rock is mainly lower than 1.1% but it reaches about 1.8% for E2s4 source rock at present. The natural gases in shallow reservoirs experienced different degrees of bacterial degradation and formed methane-dominated gas reservoirs, consequently, the C1/C1-5 values displayed a range of 0.96-0.99 for bacterial degradation gas reservoirs and of 0.67-0.89 for natural gas reservoirs without bacterial reworking.