Rapid deployment of allelochemicals in exudates of germinating seeds of Sesbania (Fabaceae): roles of seed anatomy and histolocalization of polyphenolic compounds in anti-pathogen defense of seedlings

We determined the localization of phenolic compounds in dormant seeds of two American species of Sesbania (Fabaceae) by a combination of histochemical and biochemical methods. Phenolics are located in different layers of the seed coat and in the subhilar parenchyma. We then investigated the release of these compounds by imbibing seeds of both species. The annual S. vesicaria releases the flavonoid luteolin, with minor amounts of proanthocyanidins, whereas the perennial S. drummondii releases mostly proanthocyanidins. Types and amount of allelochemicals exuded seem related to ecology and life history traits of each species. We then showed mobilisation of these allelochemicals by histochemical sections in imbibing seeds of both species. Histological structure is similar in both species. A number of characters (lens, subhilar parenchyma, tracheid bar) appear to function together to facilitate the exudation of compounds that protect young seedlings. Furthermore, the spatial organization of these organs with interlocking function allows retrieval of defensive substances stored in the seed, and their redeployment is beneficial for seedling survival. We hypothesize that optimisation of the chemical defences allocated to the seed by the maternal parent confers a significant advantage to the seedling, whose energy is mainly committed to growth.