Yolk-shell nanoarchitecture for stabilizing a Ce2S3 anode

Rare-earth sulfides are of research interest for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their abundant lithium intercalation sites and low redox voltage. However, their electrochemical performances are not satisfactory because of poor conductivity and volume change upon electrochemical cycling. Herein, nanoarchitectures of gamma-Ce2S3 encapsulated in a hollow mesoporous carbon nanosphere (Ce2S3@HMCS) are fabricated using the self-template strategy combined with the in-sphere sulfuration method and tested as an LIB anode. The void space between the Ce2S3 core and the outer layer of the carbon nanosphere has been properly designed and modulated to achieve excellent electrochemical performance in terms of electronic conductivity, reversibility, and rate capability. The reversible capacity of Ce2S3@HMCS is 2.6 times that of the pure Ce2S3 anode, which can gradually increase and maintain a capacity of 282 mAh.g(-1) at a current density of 1 A.g(-1), and a high Coulombic efficiency (similar to 100%) can be achieved even after 1000 cycles. This good performance is attributed to the unique yolk-shell nanostructure with a highly crystallized and stable Ce3S2 core and volume expansion buffer space upon lithiation/delithiation. Ex situ X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance results indicate that the lithiation of Ce2S3@HMCS is an intercalation process. This study represents an important advancement in precise structural design with in-sphere sulfuration and sheds light on a potential direction for high-performance lithium storage.