Bacterial Infections Confer a Risk of Progression to Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Patients with HBV-Related Compensated Cirrhosis During Severe Hepatitis Flares

Introduction The aims of this study were to investigate the risk factors for bacterial infections (BIs) and the association of BIs with the progression to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related compensated liver cirrhosis and severe hepatitis flares. Methods A total of 237 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline biochemical characteristics were compared between patients with and without the occurrence of BIs and progression to ACLF. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for ACLF before and after 1:1 propensity score matching. Results Forty-eight (20.3%) patients progressed to ACLF after admission. Additionally, 136 (57.4%) patients progressed to hepatic decompensation (HD) and 52 (21.9%) patients had BIs before the development of ACLF. Patients with BIs had significantly higher incidences of HD (84.6%) and ACLF (46.2%) than those without BIs (49.7% and 13.0%, respectively; P < 0.01). CTP score (OR 1.660, 95% CI 1.267-2.175) and MELD-Na score (OR 1.082, 95% CI 1.010-1.160) were independent risk factors for BIs. BIs (OR 4.037, 95% CI 1.808-9.061), CLIF-SOFA score (OR 2.007, 95% CI 1.497-2.691), and the MELD-Na score (OR 1.167, 95% CI 1.073-1.260) were independent risk factors for the progression to ACLF. BIs (OR 4.730, 95% CI 1.520-14.718) were also an independent risk factor for the progression to ACLF after propensity score matching. Conclusion High CTP and MELD-Na scores are risk factors for BIs, and BIs are risk factors for the progression to ACLF in patients with HBV-related compensated liver cirrhosis and severe hepatitis flares.