Identification of Human and Animal Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using Host-Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays

被引：27

作者：

Malla, Bikash ^{[1
]}

Shrestha, Rajani Ghaju ^{[1
]}

Tandukar, Sarmila ^{[1
]}

Bhandari, Dinesh ^{[2
]}

Inoue, Daisuke ^{[3
]}

Sei, Kazunari ^{[4
]}

Tanaka, Yasuhiro ^{[5
]}

Sherchand, Jeevan B. ^{[2
]}

Haramoto, Eiji ^{[6
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Yamanashi, Dept Nat Biot & Social Environm Engn, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 4008511, Japan

[2] Tribhuvan Univ, Inst Med, POB 1524, Kathmandu, Nepal

[3] Osaka Univ, Div Sustainable Energy & Environm Engn, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan

[4] Kitasato Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Minami Ku, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2520373, Japan

[5] Univ Yamanashi, Dept Environm Sci, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 4008510, Japan

[6] Univ Yamanashi, Interdisciplinary Ctr River Basin Environm, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 4005811, Japan

来源：

WATER | 2018年 / 10卷 / 12期

基金：

日本科学技术振兴机构;

关键词：

drinking water source; fecal contamination; land cover; microbial source tracking; water quality; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; INDICATOR BACTERIA; MICROBIAL-CONTAMINATION; GENETIC-MARKERS; RIVER WATER; LAND-COVER; RISK; POLLUTION; QUALITY; ENTEROPATHOGENS;

D O I：

10.3390/w10121796

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

eparation This study identified the sources of fecal contamination in the groundwater of different land covers. A total of 300 groundwater samples were collected in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in the dry (n = 152) and wet (n = 148) seasons of 2016. Fecal indicator bacteria were initially enumerated, and then fecal contamination sources were identified using human (BacHum), ruminant (BacR), and pig-associated (Pig2Bac) Bacteroidales quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Sixty-six percent (197/300) of the tested groundwater samples had Escherichia coli concentrations higher than the World Health Organization threshold for drinking (<1 most probable number/100 mL). The fecal contamination of the groundwater was of human (22%, 55/250), ruminant (11%, 28/250), and pig (3%, 8/250) origin. Deep tube wells were less likely to be positive for E. coli and fecal markers compared to shallow dug wells. The human fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from built-up as compared to agricultural areas (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.60, p = 0.002). Likewise, the ruminant fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from agricultural as compared to built-up areas (AOR = 2.90, p = 0.018). These findings suggest the pr of mitigation strategies for controlling fecal pollution based on land cover and well types.

引用

页数：16

共 64 条

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