Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in 15 foals

Reasons for performing study: Few reports exist in the veterinary medical literature describing clinical and pathological findings resembling conditions described as (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in man. Objectives: To document history, clinical, laboratory and diagnostic findings, treatment and outcome of foals age 1-12 months diagnosed with ALI/ARDS at a referral hospital. Methods: Medical records, including radiographic, cytological, microbiological, serological and post mortem findings, were reviewed in a retrospective manner to identify foals with acute onset of respiratory distress, a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of oxygen in inspired gases (FiO(2)) ratio of <= 300 mmHg, pulmonary infiltrates on thoracic radiographs or post mortem findings consistent with ALI/ARDS. Results: Fifteen foals age 1.5-8 months were included in the study. Seven foals had previously been treated for respiratory disease, and all foals developed acute respiratory distress < 48 h prior to presentation. Findings on presentation included tachycardia and tachypnoea in all foals, with fever recorded in 8 cases. Fight cases met the criteria for ALI and 7 for ARDS. Radiographic findings demonstrated diffuse bronchointerstitial pattern with focal to coalescing alveolar radiopacities. An aetiological agent was identified in foals ante mortem (n = 6) and post mortem (n = 4). All foals were treated with intranasal oxygen and antimicrobial drugs; 13 received corticosteroids. Nine patients survived, 4 died due to respiratory failure and 2 were subjected to euthanasia in a moribund state. Follow-up was available for 7 foals; all performed as well as age mates or siblings, and one was racing successfully. Conclusions: A condition closely meeting the human criteria for ALI/ARDS exists in foals age 1-12 months and may be identical to previously described acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young horses. Potential relevance: ALI/ARDS should be suspected in foals with acute severe respiratory distress and hypoxaemia that is minimally responsive to intranasal oxygen therapy. Treatment with systemic corticosteroids, intranasal oxygen and antimicrobials may be beneficial in foals with clinical signs compatible with ALI/ARDS.