Effect of D609 on the expression of GADD45β protein: Potential inhibitory role in the growth of glioblastoma cancer stem like cells

GADD45 beta (Growth Arrest and DNA Damage inducible protein) is a stress activated protein which plays an important role in regulating apoptosis, proliferation, DNA repair and potentially may have a role in cancer. In this study we examined the role of anti-oxidative stress on the expression of GADD45 beta in glioma stem-like cells (GSC). We show that patient derived GSCs have high survival in the absence of exogenous growth factors. Addition of D609 (Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate), a known anti-oxidative compound, to GSCs reduced the cellular ATP content with significant effects observed when GSCs were cultured in growth factor free medium. D609 exposure also resulted in a decrease in the protein and an increase in mRNA of GADD45 beta with a concomitant decline in the survival of cells. However, under similar conditions the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase (stress activated MAP kinase), a downstream target of GADD45 beta, was significantly enhanced in response to D609. Therefore it appears that GADD45 beta might play a role in glioma stem cell survival and that p38 MAP kinase may not be directly activated by GADD45 beta. Together these observations suggest that anti-oxidative compounds like D609 can target GADD45 beta which may be one strategy to curtail the growth of glioma stem like cells. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.