Investigation of silicates as a catalyst in biodiesel production: A review

Hiking of crude oil prices and diesel fuel shortage is incentive for the researchers to develop bioenergy sources. Biodiesel has environmental beneficial attributes, and its production processes are worthy of continued studies. Many biodiesel production processes are available but, most of them are not on a commercial scale. Biodiesel production using solid catalysts involved fewer unit operations compared with homogeneous catalyzed processes. Many heterogeneous catalysts have been extensively investigated in the recent years and well established. Researchers' focus is how to obtain active and more stable silicates catalyst that can be recycled for several times in the process. Silicates catalyst activity and stability are critically discussed in this work to assess their industrial application, as excessive purification steps could be avoided. This review provides a brief overview on semi-novel heterogeneous catalyst types 'silicates' used in the transesterification of vegetable oils for biodiesel production. Process conditions and leaching out of catalyst active sites are also highlighted. Product quality analysis is presented, in addition to concluded remarks regarding silicates as a selected catalyst. A preliminary economic assessment of biodiesel production catalyzed by the suggested catalyst 'silicates' compared with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and lime (CaO) is performed. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.