Mixed-Layer Salinity Budget in the SPURS Region on Seasonal to Interannual Time Scales

Surface salinity variations and processes affecting surface salinity in the high-salinity region of the subtropical North Atlantic (the SPURS-1 area) are investigated by combining data from in situ observations and satellite remote-sensing measurements. On temporal average, the surface freshwater flux term (evaporation minus precipitation) in the SPURS-1 region increases mixed-layer salinity. Oceanic advection plays the largest role in compensating this salinity increase. On seasonal time scales, mixed-layer salinity increases from April to August and decreases from September to March. This seasonal evolution of the mixed-layer salinity is largely controlled by the freshwater flux term, with vertical entrainment playing a secondary role. The domain-averaged oceanic advection and diffusion terms do not show significant seasonal cycles. The sum of all estimated salinity budget terms largely captures salinity variations on interannual time scales. Unlike the seasonal cycle, variations in freshwater flux, oceanic advection, and vertical entrainment all contribute to interannual variations in surface salinity. Oceanic advection plays a larger role in salinity changes during 2008-2012, whereas the surface freshwater flux term dominates surface salinity evolution during 2004-2007 and in 2013. Although evaporation in the SPURS-1 region dominates the mean freshwater flux, precipitation plays a larger role in interannual variations of the freshwater flux. Separating the advection term into geostrophic and Ekman components indicates that the Ekman component dominates the total advection term. The effect of Ekman advection on salinity changes in the SPURS-1 region is closely linked to the spatial distribution of salinity anomalies. Therefore, it is important to understand large-scale forcing changes.