Ideological others and national identifications in contemporary Poland

Sexual minorities in Poland are excluded from the traditional understanding of "Polishness" premised on conservative, Catholic values. This article examines how ethnic Polish citizens who identify as non-heteronormative navigate their relationship to "Polishness" at a moment of heightened nationalism. Through 31 interviews with Polish sexual minorities, I show that while national identification is a struggle for some sexual minorities, others work to reframe what "Polishness" means to them. I argue for further research examining the ways that stigmatised members of the ethnic majority-what I term ideological others-understand and navigate their relationship to national identity. The study contributes to the literature on everyday nationhood and national identity by attending to national identification among stigmatised members of the ethnic majority.