Impact of Glutathione Transferase M1, T1, and P1 Gene Polymorphisms in the Genetic Susceptibility of North Indian Population to Renal Cell Carcinoma

In this study, we investigated the association of GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 genetic variants with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) among North Indian patients. The difference in frequency of the GSTT1 null genotype between cases and control subjects was statistically significant (active ver. null, odds ratio [OR] = 0.368; confidence intervals [CI] 95% = 0.243-0.557, p = 0.001). The differences in the frequency of GSTP1 genotypes were statistically significant (AA ver. AG/GG, OR = 1.879; CI 95% = 0.355-0.797, p = 0.002). Higher allelic frequency of the GSTP1 G allele was associated with RCC cases (G ver. A allele, OR = 1.534; 95% CI = 1.159-2.030, p = 0.003). The gene-gene interaction in terms of three-way combination of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and GSTP1 (AG/GG) resulted in 4.5-fold increase in RCC risk (OR = 4.452; 95% CI = 2.220-9.294). Similarly, our study revealed that GST polymorphism might be a vital determinant of advancement to higher pathological stages and histological grades of RCC. Our findings suggest that genetic variability in members of the GST gene family may be associated with an increased susceptibility to RCC and its progression.