Thermal based surface modification techniques for enhancing the corrosion and wear resistance of metallic implants: A review

For successful implantation, biomaterials need excellent corrosion and wear resistance in the body environment, a combination of high strength and low modulus, appropriate ductility and non-cytotoxic. Due to their unique mechanical properties and durability, metallic biomaterials have been widely utilised in clinical applications, such as joint replacements, dental root implants, orthopaedic fixation devices, and cardiovascular stents. However, the wear and corrosion of metallic implants determine the service period of implantation owing to the release of incompatible metal ions into the body that may induce inflammation and allergic reactions. This review article focuses on the effect of corrosion and wear on the implant and the human body and mechanisms to enhance corrosion and wear resistance. Initially, metallic biomaterials and their properties are presented. Then, the reasons for implant failure are highlighted with a focus on details of wear and corrosion mechanisms. Finally, various thermal-based surface modification techniques and their applications in enhancing corrosion and wear resistance of Titanium-based biomaterials are presented. Surface modification techniques are currently discussed as the "best solution" to improve corrosion and wear resistance performance, providing superior tissue compatibility and encouraging osseointegration.