Cystectomy and ileal conduit for neurogenic bladder: Comparison of the open, laparoscopic and robotic approaches

Aim The objective of the present study was to compare the outcomes of open versus laparoscopic versus robotic cystectomy and ileal conduit for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD). Methods The charts of all patients who underwent cystectomy and ileal conduit for NLUTD between January 2004 and November 2020 in an academic center were retrospectively reviewed. The approach was either open, laparoscopic or robot-assisted depending on the period (i.e., three consecutive era). For the robotic approach, the diversion was done either intracorporeally or extracorporeally. We compared the perioperative and late postoperative outcomes between the three groups. Results After exclusion of 10 patients with non-neurogenic benign conditions, 126 patients were included over the study period. The most frequent neurological conditions were multiple sclerosis (36.5%) and spinal cord injury (25.4%). The approach was open, laparoscopic or robot-assisted in 31 (24.6%), 26 (20.6%) and 69 (54.7%) cases respectively. Seventy-two patients experienced a 90-day postoperative complication (57.1%) of which 22 had a major complication (Clavien 3 or higher, 17.5%) including one death (0.8%). The rate of major postoperative complications was significantly lower in the robotic group (23% vs. 23% vs. 10%; p = 0.049) while the rate of overall complications was comparable across the three groups (58.1% vs. 53.9% vs. 60.6%; p = 0.84). After a median follow-up of 23 months, 22 patients presented a late complication (17.6%), mainly incisional hernia (5; 4%) and uretero-ileal stricture (9; 7.2%). The rate of late complications did not differ significantly between the three approaches. Conclusion Cystectomy and ileal conduit for neurogenic bladder is associated with a relatively high perioperative morbidity. The robot-assisted approach may decrease the risk of major postoperative complications.