fact-checking;
false beliefs;
familiarity backfire effect;
misinformation;
online communication;
refutations;
social media;
CONTINUED INFLUENCE;
MISINFORMATION;
MEMORY;
TRUTH;
FAMILIARITY;
WARNINGS;
D O I:
10.1111/bjop.12383
中图分类号:
B84 [心理学];
学科分类号:
04 ;
0402 ;
摘要:
Fact-checking has become an important feature of the modern media landscape. However, it is unclear what the most effective format of fact-checks is. Some have argued that simple retractions that repeat a false claim and tag it as false may backfire because they boost the claim's familiarity. More detailed refutations may provide a more promising approach, but may not be feasible under the severe space constraints associated with social-media communication. In two experiments, we tested whether (1) simple 'false-tag' retractions can indeed be ineffective or harmful; and (2) short-format (140-character) refutations are more effective than simple retractions. Regarding (1), simple retractions reduced belief in false claims, and we found no evidence for a familiarity-driven backfire effect. Regarding (2), short-format refutations were found to be more effective than simple retractions after a 1-week delay but not a one-day delay. At both delays, however, they were associated with reduced misinformation-congruent reasoning.
机构:
Northeastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Harvard Univ, Inst Quantitat Social Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Lazer, David M. J.
;
Baum, Matthew A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Baum, Matthew A.
;
Benkler, Yochai
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Harvard Law Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Berkman Klein Ctr Internet & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Benkler, Yochai
;
Berinsky, Adam J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MIT, Dept Polit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Berinsky, Adam J.
;
Greenhill, Kelly M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Tufts Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Medford, MA 02155 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Greenhill, Kelly M.
;
Menczer, Filippo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Indiana Univ, Sch Informat Comp & Engn, Bloomington, IN 47405 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Menczer, Filippo
;
Metzger, Miriam J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Commun, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Metzger, Miriam J.
;
Nyhan, Brendan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Dartmouth Coll, Dept Govt, Hanover, NH 03755 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Nyhan, Brendan
;
Pennycook, Gordon
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Pennycook, Gordon
;
Rothschild, David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Microsoft Res, New York, NY 10011 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Rothschild, David
;
Schudson, Michael
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Columbia Univ, Grad Sch Jouralism, New York, NY 10027 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Schudson, Michael
;
Sloman, Steven A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Cognit Linguist & Psychol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Sloman, Steven A.
;
Sunstein, Cass R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Harvard Law Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Sunstein, Cass R.
;
Thorson, Emily A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Boston Coll, Dept Polit Sci, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Thorson, Emily A.
;
Watts, Duncan J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Microsoft Res, New York, NY 10011 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Watts, Duncan J.
;
Zittrain, Jonathan L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Harvard Law Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Berkman Klein Ctr Internet & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Lewandowsky, Stephan
;
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.
;
Seifert, Colleen M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Seifert, Colleen M.
;
Schwarz, Norbert
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Schwarz, Norbert
;
Cook, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Mason, Lucia
;
Baldi, Roberta
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Baldi, Roberta
;
Di Ronco, Sara
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Di Ronco, Sara
;
Scrimin, Sara
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Scrimin, Sara
;
Danielson, Robert W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Southern Calif, Rossier Sch Educ, Los Angeles, CA USAUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Danielson, Robert W.
;
Sinatra, Gale M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Southern Calif, Rossier Sch Educ, Los Angeles, CA USAUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
机构:
Univ San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Merpert, Ariel
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Furman, Melina
;
Anauati, Maria Victoria
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Univ San Andres, Dept Econ, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Anauati, Maria Victoria
;
Zommer, Laura
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ San Andres, Dept Econ, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Zommer, Laura
;
Taylor, Ines
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ San Andres, Dept Econ, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
机构:
Northeastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Harvard Univ, Inst Quantitat Social Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Lazer, David M. J.
;
Baum, Matthew A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Baum, Matthew A.
;
Benkler, Yochai
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Harvard Law Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Berkman Klein Ctr Internet & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Benkler, Yochai
;
Berinsky, Adam J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MIT, Dept Polit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Berinsky, Adam J.
;
Greenhill, Kelly M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Tufts Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Medford, MA 02155 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Greenhill, Kelly M.
;
Menczer, Filippo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Indiana Univ, Sch Informat Comp & Engn, Bloomington, IN 47405 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Menczer, Filippo
;
Metzger, Miriam J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Commun, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Metzger, Miriam J.
;
Nyhan, Brendan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Dartmouth Coll, Dept Govt, Hanover, NH 03755 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Nyhan, Brendan
;
Pennycook, Gordon
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Pennycook, Gordon
;
Rothschild, David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Microsoft Res, New York, NY 10011 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Rothschild, David
;
Schudson, Michael
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Columbia Univ, Grad Sch Jouralism, New York, NY 10027 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Schudson, Michael
;
Sloman, Steven A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Brown Univ, Dept Cognit Linguist & Psychol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Sloman, Steven A.
;
Sunstein, Cass R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Harvard Law Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Sunstein, Cass R.
;
Thorson, Emily A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Boston Coll, Dept Polit Sci, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Thorson, Emily A.
;
Watts, Duncan J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Microsoft Res, New York, NY 10011 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Watts, Duncan J.
;
Zittrain, Jonathan L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Harvard Law Sch, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Berkman Klein Ctr Internet & Soc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USANortheastern Univ, Network Science Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Lewandowsky, Stephan
;
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.
;
Seifert, Colleen M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Seifert, Colleen M.
;
Schwarz, Norbert
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Schwarz, Norbert
;
Cook, John
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, AustraliaUniv Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Mason, Lucia
;
Baldi, Roberta
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Baldi, Roberta
;
Di Ronco, Sara
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Di Ronco, Sara
;
Scrimin, Sara
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Scrimin, Sara
;
Danielson, Robert W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Southern Calif, Rossier Sch Educ, Los Angeles, CA USAUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
Danielson, Robert W.
;
Sinatra, Gale M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Southern Calif, Rossier Sch Educ, Los Angeles, CA USAUniv Padua, Dept Dev Psychol & Socializat, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
机构:
Univ San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Merpert, Ariel
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Furman, Melina
;
Anauati, Maria Victoria
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Univ San Andres, Dept Econ, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Anauati, Maria Victoria
;
Zommer, Laura
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ San Andres, Dept Econ, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Zommer, Laura
;
Taylor, Ines
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ San Andres, Dept Econ, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv San Andres, Sci Educ Res Program, Sch Educ, Beccar, Buenos Aires, Argentina