Effect of glucose variability on pathways associated with glucotoxicity in diabetes: Evaluation of a novel in vitro experimental approach

Aims: Glycaemic variability (GV) has been hypothesized to increase the risk of diabetes complications; however, results of clinical studies are contradictory. The effect of GV on cell phenotypes has been investigated in vitro showing that GV may have more deleterious effect on cells that high glucose itself. However, methodology used to study GV in vitro differs significantly between studies and does not reflect in vivo situation. Therefore we aimed to establish clinically relevant an in vitro experimental approach for the study of GV that reflects intra-day glucose fluctuations of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and of healthy subjects and to test how low and high GV affect expression of genes that protects cells from hyperglycaemia-induced damage. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured 24 h in medium with different glucose profiles: high GV, low GV and GV of healthy subjects-profiles created according to CGM of T1DM patients and healthy subjects. These profiles were compared to commonly used 5.5 and 25 mmol/l glucose concentrations. Gene expression was determined using quantitative PCR. Results: Our results showed general down-regulation of enzymes that are involved in the protection against hyperglycaemia-induced intracellular changes in both low and high GV compared to normal glycaemia similarly to the decrease induced by continuous hyperglycaemia. Gene expressions did not differ between high and low GV. Conclusion: Our data indicate that GV may have similar or even greater effect than continuous hyperglycaemia on the expression of several genes relevant to pathogenesis of diabetes microvascular complications. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.