Challenging sheep grazing in orchards: Changes in nutrition, performance, and the health of animals and the effects on the vegetation and soil

We proposed a mixture of animal husbandry and fruit tree industry: livestock grazing under an orchard layer to increase agricultural productivity per area and reduce the costs of feed, fertilizer, and weed control. Lambs were reared in-house for 1 month and then moved to a pear orchard for 1 month of grazing. We recorded the changes in body weight, blood properties (e.g., albumin, cholinesterase, and nonesterified fatty acids), and parasitic infection to compare the in-housed lambs with the grazing lambs in the orchard. Additionally, we conducted field investigations for changes in vegetation and soil properties before and after grazing. Grazing caused significant increases in body weight, helminth eggs in dung, and soil water retention, and significant decreases in plant biomass, grass digestibility, and soil hardness. In contrast, the nutritional values of the feed, blood properties, and soil chemical properties (e.g., pH, P, N, and C) were not significantly changed after grazing. These results highlighted that the fruit tree industry combined with livestock production would be an acceptable management approach for Japanese agriculture, although further case studies are required.