The effects of single versus multiple measures of biofeedback on basketball free throw shooting performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of single versus multiple measures of biofeedback on basketball free throw shooting performance. A secondary purpose was to determine whether changes in perceived control and self-efficacy mediate the biofeedback/performance relationship. Intermediate level basketball players (N = 36) were randomly assigned to single (i.e. EMG) biofeedback, multimodal (i.e. EEG, EMG, HR) biofeedback: or to a control reading rendition. All groups completed 60 free throws pre- and post treatment as well as following each treatment session. A Condition x Time (Pre, Post) MANOVA showed only a Time main effect for performance. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of performance accounting for approximately 60% and 46% of the variance in pre- and post-test performance scores respectively. The relationship between biofeedback and performance was not influenced by either perceived control or self-efficacy.