Questions to ask a patient with nocturia

Background Patients may not raise nocturia as a concern as they mistakenly consider the symptom to be a normal part of ageing. Nocturia is associated with significant morbidity and is likely to be a marker of poor health. Objectives This paper provides questions to guide diagnosis, evaluation and individualised treatment of nocturia. Discussion Nocturia results from the interplay between nocturnal polyuria, reduced bladder storage and sleep disruption. Changes in the function of the urinary bladder, kidneys, brain and cardiovascular system, and hormone status underlie the development and progression of nocturia. Medications commonly prescribed to older people can affect development or resolution of nocturia. The bother caused to a patient by waking to void relates to disturbance of slow-wave sleep, the physical act of getting out of bed and resulting chronic fatigue. An assessment process that identifies relevant and co-existing causes of an individual's nocturia will facilitate a targeted approach to treatment.