Kisspeptins: Bridging energy homeostasis and reproduction

Body energy reserves and metabolic state are relevant modifiers of puberty onset and fertility forms of metabolic stress ranging from persistent energy insufficiency to morbid obesity are frequently linked to reproductive disorders The mechanisms for such a close connection between energy balance and reproduction have been the subject of considerable attention however our understanding of the neurobiological basis for this phenomenon is still incomplete In mid 1990s the adipose hormone leptin was proven as an essential signal for transmitting metabolic information onto the centers governing puberty and reproduction yet, the ultimate mode of action of leptin on GnRH neurons has remained contentious for years More recently kisspeptins a family of neuropeptides encoded by the Kiss1 gene, have emerged as conduits for the metabolic regulation of reproduction and putative effectors of leptin actions on GnRH neurons This review recapitulates the experimental evidence obtained to date mostly in laboratory rodents, supporting the function of kisspeptins in bridging energy balance and reproduction, with special emphasis on recent developments in this field, such as the recognition of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and Crtc1 (Creb1 regulated transcripton coactivator 1) as putative mediators for leptin regulation of Kiss1 expression as well as the identification of other potential metabolic modulators of kisspeptin signaling such as ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved