Recent advances of metal phosphates-based electrodes for high-performance metal ion batteries

Metal phosphates, such as LiFePO4 (LFP), have been attracting extensive attention as electrode materials for next -generation rechargeable metal-ion batteries (MIBs), due to their high theoretical capacity, good chemical stability, long lifespan, and natural abundance. In this review, the recent progress of the design and engineering of metal phosphate-based electrode materials for MIBs is summarized. Specifically, the survey will focus on three types of phosphates, monometallic phosphates, bimetallic phosphates, and multi-metal phosphates, within the context of their intrinsic structure and corresponding electrochemical performance. A range of experimental variables will be carefully analyzed, such as sample synthesis, crystal structure, and electrochemical reaction mechanism, in conjunction with theoretical calculations. The applications of these materials as MIB electrodes are then featured for diverse MIBs, such as lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, calcium-ion batteries, and magnesium-ion batteries. We conclude the review with a perspective where the promises and challenges of phosphate-based electrodes for MIBs are highlighted, along with future research directions.